The role of nicotamide as chemoprophylaxis in basal cell carcinoma : A literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66344/jpad.v33i4.2319Keywords:
nicotamide, chemoprophylaxis, basal cell carcinoma, human and healthAbstract
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common nonmelanoma skin cancer. This carcinoma has slow progress, is locally invasive but rarely metastasizes. The incidence of basal cell carcinoma accounts for about 50% of all cancers in America, around 55% in Europe, and continues to increase by around 5% annually in the UK. Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma include exposure to ultraviolet light, skin phototype, gender, certain drugs, radiation therapy, family history of skin tumors, chronic arsenic exposure, immunosuppressive conditions, and other genetic syndromes. Recently, nicotinamide has become a topic of much discussion as a chemoprophylaxis against basal cell carcinoma, whereas nicotinamide (NAM; also known as niacinamide) is a water-soluble vitamin B3 (niacin) that exhibits minimal side effects and is reversible under routine use. Long-term protective effect with more than one mechanism of action. Biologically, NAM can affect the process of oxidation and reduction of co-enzymes that play a role in energy metabolism in DNA repair mechanisms. Nicotinamide can replenish ATP energy after damage to keratinocytes due to ultraviolet radiation and can increase the repair of skin cells after experiencing radiation. The efficacy of nicotinamide as a chemoprophylactic agent against nonmelanoma skin cancer, especially basal cell carcinoma, has been described in several studies. Oral administration of nicotinamide at a dose of 750-1500 mg per day results in an improvement in the condition of actinic keratosis which is a precancerous lesion, and reduces the incidence of basal cell carcinoma. Currently, the use of nicotinamide as a chemopreventive agent for basal cell carcinoma is recommended for administration twice daily 500 mg orally for at least 12 months in both immunocompetent patients and organ transplant recipients, although the recommended level of oral nicotinamide is still weak. However, taking into account the efficacy, level of safety, affordable price, and easy access on the market, nicotinamide can be used as a tertiary prevention of skin cancer, especially basal cell carcinoma.
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Copyright (c) 2023 Azalia Aprinda Bahat, Maylita Sari, Muhammad Yulianto Listiawan, Nanda Daiva Putra, Tessa Thendria, Fitra Tri Kurniasari, Andrea Hertanto
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