The association between vulvovaginal candidiasis and hormonal contraceptive use in the outpatient clinic of Dr Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya in 2017-2020: A retrospective study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66344/jpad.v34i2.2534Keywords:
hormonal contraceptives, sexually transmitted infection, vulvovaginal candidiasisAbstract
Background Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). With the increasing use of hormonal contraceptives, it is becoming increasingly important to investigate the role of hormonal contraceptives on the occurrence of VVC. This study aims to explore the association between hormonal contraceptive use and VVC.
Methods This retrospective unmatched case-control study enrolled patients from the STI outpatient clinic of the the Dr. Soetomo Regional General Hospital Surabaya in 2017-2020.
Results A total of 308 patients presented to the clinic, 132 (42.9%) of whom had VVC, and 84 (27.3%) of them used hormonal contraceptives. Hormonal contraceptive use may increase the odds of developing VVC by 3.4-folds (95% CI: 1.97-5.89; p<0.001), independent of STI history and immunodeficiency disorders. In addition, oral contraceptive pills may increase the odds by 2.3-folds (95% CI: 1.25-4.34; p=0.008), while other hormonal contraceptives such as injectable or implants may increase the odds by 8.7-folds (95% CI: 3.13-24.28; p<0.001). Patients using hormonal contraceptives had a probability of suffering from VVC of 58.8%, while in patients using OCPs and other hormonal contraceptives it was 49.5% and 78.6%, respectively.
Conclusion This study proves that hormonal contraceptives are a risk factor to the occurrence of VVC.
References
1. Tasik NL, Kapantow GM, Kandou RT. Profil Kandidiasis Vulvovaginalis di Poliklinik Kulit dan Kelamin RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado periode Januari – Desember 2013. Manado: Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Sam Ratulangi.
2. Denning, D.W., Kneale, M., Sobel, J.D., Rautemaa-Richardson, R. Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect. 2018;18: e339–e347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30103-8.
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302839
3. InfoDATIN Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementrian Kesehatan RI, (2013). 'Situasi dan Analisis Keluarga Berencana'. Kementrian Kesehat. Repub. Indones.
4. Jasim, S.T. The relationship between vulvovaginal candidiasis and some predisposing factors in prevalence among Baghdad women. Syst Rev Pharm. 2020;11.
5. Salih, S., Haddad, R., Hassan, S. 'Prevalence of vulvovaginal Candidiasis and its association with Contraceptives. Arch. Venez Farmacol. 2021;40:373–6.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5224567
6. Fayemiwo, S.A., Makanjuola, O.B., Fatiregun, A.A. 'Vulvo-vaginal candidosis in a cohort of hormonal contraceptive users in Ibadan, Nigeria'. Afr J Clin Exp Microbiol. 2017;19: 38.
https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v19i1.6
7. Jessica, P., Armalina, D., (2016). 'Hubungan antara terjadinya kandidiasis vulvovaginalis dengan penggunaan kontrasepsi hormonal'. J. Kedokt. Diponegoro 5.
8. Armerinayanti, N., Lestari, D. 'Risiko Kandidiasis pada Wanita Usia Subur Akseptor Kontrasepsi Hormonal'. WMJ Warmadewa Med J. 2018;3:22.
https://doi.org/10.22225/wmj.3.1.640.22-27
9. Jacob, L., John, M., Kalder, M., Kostev, K. Prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis in gynecological practices in Germany: A retrospective study of 954,186 patients. Curr Med Mycol. 2018;4:6–11.
https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.4.1.27
10. Jalalvandi, E., Jafari, H., Amorim, C.A., Petri, D.F.S., Nie, L., Shavandi, A. Vaginal administration of contraceptives. Sci. Pharm. 2021;89:3.
https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm89010003
11. Arfiputri, D.S., Hidayati, A.N., Handayani, S., Ervianti, E. Risk factors of vulvovaginal candidiasis in dermato-venereology outpatients clinic of soetomo general hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Afr J Infect Dis. 2018;12:90–4.
https://doi.org/10.2101/Ajid.12v1S.13
12. Sovianti, C.S., Devi, M. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Biosci Med J Biomed Transl Res. 2021;5:474–83.
https://doi.org/10.32539/bsm.v5i5.280
13. Ekpenyong, C.E., Inyang-etoh, E.C., Ettebong, E.O., Akpan, U.P., Ibu, J.O., Daniel, N.E. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis among young women in south eastern Nigeria: the role of lifestyle and health-care practices'. Int J STD AIDS. 2012;23:704–9. https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2012.011382
14. Bitew, A., Abebaw, Y., (2018). 'Vulvovaginal candidiasis: species distribution of Candida and their antifungal susceptibility pattern'. BMC Womens Health. 2018;18:94.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0607-z
15. Brocklebank, A., Maraj, H. Vulvovaginal candidiasis. InnovAiT Educ Inspir Gen Pract. 2013;6:643–51.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1755738013479944
16. Rathod, S.D., Klausner, J.D., Krupp, K., Reingold, A.L., Madhivanan, P. Epidemiologic features of vulvovaginal candidiasis among reproductive-age women in India. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2012; 859071. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/859071
17. Sawada, T., Fujimori, D., Yamamoto, Y. Systemic lupus erythematosus and immunodeficiency. Immunol Med. 2019;42, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/25785826.2019.1628466
18. Sherwood, L., (2016). Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 9th Ed. ed. Cengage Learning, Canada.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Azalia Aprinda Bahat, Dwi Murtiastutik, Trisniartami Setyaningrum, Muhammad Yulianto Listiawan, Sawitri, Budi Utomo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Submission declaration
Authors retain the copyright to their work and grant the 'Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatologists (JPAD)' the right of first publication under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. This license allows others to share, adapt, and reuse the work for any purpose, including commercial use, as long as appropriate credit is given to the original authors and the journal.
By submitting a manuscript, authors confirm that the work has not been published previously (except as an abstract, lecture, or academic thesis), is not under review elsewhere, and has been approved by all authors and relevant authorities. Once accepted, the article will be openly accessible under the CC BY 4.0 license, ensuring wide dissemination and reuse with proper attribution.
