Frequency of mucocutaneous manifestations in HIV positive patients
Keywords:
Mucocutaneous manifestation, HIV, CD4, KOHMucocutaneous manifestation, KOHAbstract
Objective To determine the frequency of mucocutaneous manifestations in HIV positive patients. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Outpatient Department of Dermatology and HIV clinic of Services Hospital, Lahore from Jun 10, 2015 to Dec 09, 2015. Total 170 HIV positive patients fulfilling inclusion / exclusion criteria), were assessed on clinical grounds and relevant investigations e.g. KOH preparations, Tzanck smear and histopathology were carried out. These patients were enrolled in the study after taking informed consent. Patient’s biodata, CD4 count and mucocutaneous lesions found were recorded on a predesigned proforma. Results The age ranged between 16 and 60 with a mean of 41.9 ± 8.2 years. There were 113 (66.5%) male patients and 57 (33.5%) female patients. Mucocutaneous manifestations were found in 143 out of 170 (84.1%) patients. Conclusion A high prevalence of dermatological lesions in HIV infected patients was seen in the present study. Most common mucocutaneous manifestation was viral infections followed by bacterial and fungal infections.References
Erdal E. Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease. [Online]. [cited: 2009 Aug 12] Available from: http://www.emed.med.com/ article/ 1133746-overview
USAIDS HIV/AIDS Health Profile for Pakistan-November 2010 [Online] [cited: 2011 Feb 8] Available from: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/Countries/asia/pakistan.htm
Skin and Mucocutaneous manifestations of HIV infection/AIDS, Chapter 8, In: Specialist's Training and Reference module. National AIDS Control Organisation: New Delhi: 2002. p. 71-81.
Verma KK. HIV infection and dermatological and venereal diseases. Abstract book - International conference on opportunistic pathogens in AIDS (ICOPA-INDIA) 2006. p. 31.
Wadhwa A, Kaur R, Aggarwal SK, Jain S, Bhalla P. AIDS related opportunistic mycoses seen in the tertiary care Hospital in North India. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56:1101-6.
Nnoruka EN, Chukwuka JC, Anisuiba B. Correlation of mucocutaneous manifestations of HIV/AIDS infection with CD4 counts and disease Progression. Int J Dermatol. 2007;46 Suppl 2:14-8.
Bunker CB, Staughton RCD. HIV-associated disease: dermatology. In: Gazzard BG, ed. AIDS Care Handbook. London: Mediscript; 2002. P. 115-39.
Hawkins T. Appearance-related side effects of HIV-1 treatment. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2006;20:6-18.
Attili VS, Singh VP, Sundar S, Gulati AK, Varma DV, Rai M et al. Relationship between skin diseases and CD4 cell counts in a hospital base cohort of HIV infected adults in North India. J Indian Acad Dermatol. 2008;9:20-5.
Aydin OA, Karaosmanoglu HK, Korkusuz R, Ozeren M, Nazlican O. Mucocutaneous manifestations and the relationship to CD4 lymphocyte counts among Turkish HIV/ AIDS patients in Istanbul, Turky. Turk J Med Sci. 2015;45:89-92.
Goodman DS, Teplitz ED, Wishner A, Klein RS, Burk PG, Hershenbaum E. Prevalence of cutaneous disease in patients with An AIDS- related complex. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;17:210-20.
Azfar NA, Khan AR, Zia MA, Humayun A, Malik LM, Jahangir M. Frequency of mucocutaneous manifestations in HIV positive Pakistani patients. J Pak Assoc Dermatol. 2011;21:149-53.
Halder S, Banerjee S, Halder A, Pal PR. Skin diseases in HIV-infected patients: impact of immune status and histological correlation. Indian J Sex Trans Dis. 2012;33:65-7.
Supanaranond W, Desakorn V, Sitakalin C, Naing N, Chirachankul P. Cutaneous manifestations in HIV positive patients. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001;32:171-6.
Singh H, Singh P, Tiwari P, Dey V, Dulhani N, Singh A. Dermatological manifestations in HIV-infected patients at a tertiary care hospital in a tribal (Bastar) region of Chhattisgarh, India. Indian J Dermatol. 2009;54:338-41.
Jeffery HS, Muz P, Cabral P, Jhomb K. Dermatological manifestations in HIV infected patients. Mayo Clinic Proc. 1999;74:658-60.
Pitche P, Techangai-Walla K, Napo-Koura G. Prevalence of skin manifestations in AIDS patients in the Lome-Tkom University Hospital (Togo). Sante. 1995;5:349-52.
Edith NN, Judith CC, Chukwuka A. Correlation of mucocutaneous manifestations of HIV/AIDS infection with CD4 cell counts and disease progression. Int J Dermatol. 2007;46:14-8.
Sivayathorn A, Sirhra B, Leesanguankal W. Prevalence of skin diseases in patients infected with HIV in Bangkok, Thailand. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1995;24:528-33.
Uthayakumar S, Nandwani R, Drinkwater T, Nayagam AT, Darley CR. The prevalence of skin diseases in HIV infection and its relationship to the degree of immunosuppression. Br J Dermatol. 1997;137:595-8.
Coldiron BN, Berstresser PR. Prevalence and clinical spectrum of skin disease in patients with HIV. Arch Dermatol. 1989;125:357-61.
Shobana A, Guha SK, Neogi DK. Mucocutaneous manifestations of HIV infection. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2004;70:82-6.
Pai G. Cutaneous manifestations of HIV infection. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 1997;63:35-7.
Mathes LE, Hayes KA, Kociba G. Evidence that high-dose zidovudine at the time of retrovirus exposure reduces antiviral efficacy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996;40:2183-6.
Brannon H. Seborrheic dermatitis and AIDS. [Online] 2006 [cited: 2015 February 16]; Available from: http://www.dermatology.about.com/bio/ 8905.htm.
Shashikumar BM, Harish MR, Hanumanthayya K, Bhagwat PV, Tophakhane R. CD4 Count: A Monitoring Tool in HIV. Webmed Central Dermatol. 2012;3:WMC003274.
Nichols L, Balogh K, Silverman M. Bacterial infections in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Clinicopathologic correlations in a series of autopsy cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1989;92:787-90.
Rosenthal D, LeBoit PE, Klumpp L, Berger TG. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated eosinophilic folliculitis. A unique dermatosis associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Dermatol. 1991;127:206-9.
