Porokeratosis: a review of unique group of keratinizing disorder
Keywords:
Porokeratosis, porokeratosis of Mibelli, disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis, porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris disseminate, linear porokeratosis, punctate porokeratosis, cornoid lamellaAbstract
Porokeratosis is a group of disorder of uncertain cause characterized by abnormal epidermalkeratinization with the histologic finding of cornoid lamella. To date, five major clinical variantshave been identified. This unique group of disorders of keratinization is reviewed here, with specialreference to the differentiation of each component and their management.References
Wolff-Schreiner EC. Porokeratosis. In:
Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K et al.,
eds. Dermatology in general medicine, Vol
I, 5th edn. New York:McGraw-Hill; 1999. p.
-30.
Raychaudhuri SP, Smoller BR.
Porokeratosis in immunosuppressed and non
immunosuppressed patients. Int J Dermatol
; 31: 781-2.
Mehregan AH. Porokeratosis of the face. J
Am Acad Dermatol 1980; 3: 394-6.
Tangoren IA, Weinberg JM, Ioffreda M et
al. Penile porokeratosis of Mibelli. J Am
Acad Dermatol 1997; 36: 479-81.
Navarro V, Pinazo I, Martinez Eet al. Facial
superficial porokeratosis. Dermatology
; 201: 361-2.
Wallner JS, Fitzpatrick JE, Brice SL.
Verrucous porokeratosis of Mibelli on the
buttocks mimicking psoriasis. Cutis 2003;
: 391-3.
Bencini PL, Tarantino A, Grimalt R et al.
Porokeratosis and immunosuppression. Br J
Dermatol 1995; 132: 74-8.
Cockerell CJ. Induction of disseminated
superficial actinic porokeratosis by
phototherapy for psoriasis . J Am Acad
Dermatol 1991; 24: 301-2.
Macmillan AL, Roberts SOB. Porokeratosis
of Mibelli after renal transplantation. Br J
Dermatol 1974; 90: 45-51.
Wilkinson SM, Cartwright PH, English JS.
Porokeratosis of Mibelli and
immunosuppression. Clin Exp Dermatol
; 16: 61-2.
Thiers BH. The use of topical
calcipotriene/calcipotriol in conditions other
than plaque-type psoriasis. J Am Acad
Dermatol 1997; 37: S69-71
Rabbin PE, Baldwin HE. Treatment of
porokeratosis of Mibelli with CO2 laser
vaporization versus surgical excision with
split-thickness skin graft. A comparison.
Dermatol Surg Oncol 1993;19: 199-202
Alster TS, Nanni CA. Successful treatment
of porokeratosis with 585 nm pulsed dye
laser irradiation. Cutis 1999; 63: 265-6.
McDonald SG, Peterka ES. Porokeratosis
(Mibelli): Treatment with topical 5-
fluorouracil. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983; 8:
-10.
Danno K. Etretinate treatment in
disseminated porokeratosis. J Dermatol
; 15: 440-4.
McCallister RE, Estes SA, Yarbrough CL.
Porokeratosis plantaris, palmaris, et
disseminata: Report of a case and treatment
with isotretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol
; 13: 598-603.
Sasaki S. Linear porokeratosis with multiple
squamous cell carcinomas: Study of p53
expression in porokeratosis and squamo us
cell carcinomas. Br J Dermatol 1996; 134:
-3.
Gray MH, Smoller BS, McNutt NS.
Carcinogenesis in porokeratosis. Evidence
for a role relating to chronic growth
activation of keratinocytes. Am J
Dermatopathol 1991; 13: 438-44.
Sasson M, Krain AD: Porokeratosis and
cutaneous malignancy. A review. Dermatol
Surg 1996; 22: 339-42
Ramesh V, Misra RS, Mahaur BS:
Pseudoainhum in porokeratosis of Mibelli.
Cutis 1992; 49: 129-30.
Mibelli V. Contributo allo studio della
ipercheratosi dei canali studeriferi
(porokeratosis). G Ital Mal Veneree Pelle
; 28: 313-5.
Respighi E. Di una ipercheratosi non ancora
descritta. G Ital Mal Veneree Pelle 1893; 28:
7.
Andrews GC. Porokeratosis (Mibelli)
disseminated and superficial type. Arch
Dermatol Syphilol 1937; 36:1111-4.
Truffi M. Sur un cas de porokératose
systemisée. Ann Dermatol Syphiligr 1905; 6:
-3.
Chernosky ME: Porokeratosis: Report of
twelve patients with multiple superficial
lesions. South Med J 1966; 59: 289-94.
Guss SB, Osbourn RA, Lutzner MA.
Porokeratosis plantaris, palmaris, et
disseminata: A third type of porokeratosis.
Arch Dermatol 1971; 104: 366-73.
Gilchrest TC. Eleven cases of porokeratosis
(Mibelli) in one family. J Cutan Genitourin
Dis 1899; 17: 149-53.
Seghal VN, Dube B. Porokeratosis (Mibelli)
in a family. Dermatologica 1967; 134: 219-
Anderson DE, Chernosky ME. Disseminated
superficial actinic porokeratosis. Genetic
aspects. Arch Dermatol 1969; 99: 408-12.
Guillot P, Taieb A, Fontan A. Porokératose
de Mibelli linéaire chez des jumelles
monozygotes. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1991;
: 519-24.
Dover JS. Disseminated superficial actinic
porokeratosis: Coexistence with other
porokeratotic variants. Arch Dermatol 1986;
: 887-9.
Lucker GP, Steijlen PM. The coexistence of
linear and giant porokeratosis associated
with Bowen's disease. Dermatology 1994;
: 78-80.
Nova MP, Goldberg LJ, Mattison T,
Halperin A. Porokeratosis arising in a burn
scar. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 25: 354-6.
Ibbotson SH. Disseminated superficial
porokeratosis: What is the association with ultraviolet irradiation? Clin Exp Dermatol
; 21: 48-50.
Hazen PG, Carney JF, Walker AE et al.
Disseminated actinic porokeratosis:
Appearance associated with
photochemotherapy for psoriasis. J Am Acad
Dermatol 1985; 12: 1077-8.
Fields LL, White-CR Jr; Maziarz-RT. Rapid
development of disseminated superficial
porokeratosis after transplant induction
therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995; 15:
-5.
Hubler WR et al. Linear porokeratosis. Cutis
; 14: 61-3.
Patrizi A. Porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris
disseminata: An unusual clinical
presentation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 21:
-8.
Rahbari-H, Cordero AA, Mehregan-AH.
Punctate porokeratosis: A clinical variant of
porokeratosis of Mibelli. J Cutan Pathol
; 4: 338-41.
Hernandez MH, Lai CH, Mallory SB.
Disseminated porokeratosis associated with
chronic renal failure: A new type of
disseminated porokeratosis? Arch Dermatol
; 136: 1568-9.
Park BS, Moon SE, Kim JA. Disseminated
superficial porokeratosis in a patient with
chronic liver disease. J Dermatol 1997; 24:
-7
Kono T, Kobayashi H, Ishii M et al.
Synchronous development of disseminated
superficial porokeratosis and hepatitis C
virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Am
Acad Dermatol 2000; 43: 966-8
Seishima M, Izumi T, Oyama Z, Maeda M.
Squamous cell carcinoma arising from
lesions of porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris
disseminata. Eur J Dermatol 2000; 10: 478-
Taub J, Steinberg M. Porokeratosis plantaris
discreta: A previously unrecognized
dermatologic entity. Int J Dermatol 1970; 9:
-90.
Bianchi L, Orlandi A, Iraci S et al. Punctate
porokeratotic keratoderma--its occurrence
with internal neoplasia. Clin Exp Dermatol
; 19: 139-41.
Hunt SJ et al. Linear and punctate
porokeratosis associated with end-stage liver
disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 25:
-9.
Wallner JS, Fitzpatrick JE, Brice SL.
Verrucous porokeratosis of Mibelli on the
buttocks mimicking psoriasis. Cutis 2003;
: 391-3.
Jang KA, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC,
Koh JK. The hyperkeratotic variant of
disseminated superficial actinic
porokeratosis. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38: 204-
Sawai T, Hayakawa H, Danno K et al.
Squamous cell carcinoma arising from giant
porokeratosis: a case with extensive
metastasis and hypercalcemia. J Am Acad
Dermatol 1996; 34: 507-9.
Ricci C, Rosset A, Panizzon RG. Bullous
and pruritic variant of disseminated
superficial actinic porokeratosis: successful
treatment with grenz rays. Dermatology
; 199: 328-31
Kang BD, Kye YC, Kim SN. Disseminated
superficial actinic porokeratosis with both
typical and prurigo nodularis -like lesions. J
Dermatol 2001; 28: 81-5
Goldner R. Zosteriform porokeratosis of
Mibelli. Arch Dermatol 1971; 104: 425-6.
Handa S. Mutilating lesions in porokeratosis
of Mibelli. Dermatology 1995; 191: 162-4.
Rahbari H, Fazel Z; Mehregan AH.
Destructive facial porokeratosis . J Am Acad
Dermatol 1995; 33: 1049-50.
Rongioletti F, Rebora A. Disseminated
porokeratosis with fatal metastatic squamous
cell carcinoma: an additional case of
"Malignant Disseminated Porokeratosis".
Am J Dermatopathol 2002; 24: 144-8.
Khaskhely NM, Maruno M, Takamiyagi A
et al. Disseminated Superficial Actinic
Porokeratosis report of a case with electron
microscopic observation,
immunohistochemical and molecular
biological analysis of P53 gene. J Pak Assoc
Dermatol 2001; 11: 51-7.
Arranz-Salas I, Sanz-Trelles A, Ojeda DB.
p53 alterations in porokeratosis J Cutan
Pathol 2003; 30: 455-8.
Otsuka F, Nashiro K, Kobayashi K,
Ishibashi Y. Chromosome abnormalities of
porokeratosis -cultured epidermal
keratinocytes. Comparison with those of cultured dermal fibroblasts. Cancer Genet
Cytogenet 1991; 56: 163-9.
Otsuka F, Umebayashi Y, Watanabe S et al.
Porokeratosis large skin lesions are
susceptible to skin cancer development:
Histological and cytological explanation for
the susceptibility. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol
; 119: 395-400.
Ito M, Fujiwara H, Maruyama T et al.
Morphogenesis of the cornoid lamella:
histochemical, immunohistochemical, and
ultrastructural study of porokeratosis. J
Cutan Pathol 1991; 18: 247-56.
Reed RJ, Leone P. Porokeratosis -A mutant
clonal keratosis of the epidermis. Arch
Dermatol 1970; 101: 340-7.
Hsu WT, Toporcer MB, Kantor GR et al.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with
porokeratosis like lesions. J Am Acad
Dermatol 1992; 27: 327-30.
Brenemann DL, Brenemann JC. Cutaneous
T-cell lymphoma mimic king porokeratosis
of Mibelli. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 29:
-58.
Tsambaos D, Spiliopoulos T: Disseminated
superficial porokeratosis: Complete
remission subsequent to discontinuation of
immunosuppression. J Am Acad Dermatol
; 28: 651-2.
Zenarola P, Melillo-L; Lomuto-M et al.
Exacerbation of porokeratosis: a sign of
immunodepression. J Am Acad Dermatol
; 29: 1035-6.
