Relationship between duration of breastfeeding and development of atopic dermatitis
Keywords:
Atopic dermatitis, breastfeeding, infantAbstract
Background Earlier studies on breastfeeding (BF) and atopy in infants have yielded contradictory results. Objective To evaluate the relationship between duration of BF and developing of AD. Patients and methods Seven hundred fifty infants between 2 to 3 years old from kindergartens of Kerman, Iran were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Data were obtained by questionnaires. Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (AD) was made according to UK Working Party criteria. Results There was a significant association between duration of BF and the risk of AD (OR=0.93, 95% CI=0.90-0.96). Early supplement feeding increased the risk of AD (OR=0.69, 95% CI=0.52-0.92). The adjusted odds ratios of variables show that a positive family history of atopy, contact with smoke during pregnancy, suffering from asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis increased the risk of AD in infants. On the other hand, having elder siblings and taking oral contraceptive pills by mother decreased the risk of AD. Conclusion Our results suggest that duration of BF has a protective effect against developing AD in infants. We recommend prolonged BF in all infants for protection against AD.References
Moore MM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Rich-Edward JW et al. Perinatal predictors of atopic dermatitis occurring in the first six months of life. Pediatrics 2004; 113: 468-74.
Aspres N, Anderson C. Malassezia yeasts in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Australas J Dermatol 2004; 45: 199-204.
Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, David M, Mimouni M. Breast-feeding and the onset of atopic dermatitis in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45: 520-7.
Ludvigsson JF, Mostrom M, Ludvigsson J, Duchen K. Exclusive breast feeding and risk of atopic dermatitis in some 8300 infants. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2005; 16: 201-8.
Friedman NJ, Zeiger RS. The role of breast-feeding in the development of allergies and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 1238-48.
Laubereau B, Brockow I, Zirngibl A et al. Effect of breast-feeding on the development of atopic dermatitis during the first 3 years of life – results from the GIN–birth cohort study. J Pediatr 2004; 144: 602-7.
Kull I, Wickman M, Lilja G et al. Breast feeding and allergic diseases in infants–a prospective birth cohort study. Arch Dis Child 2002; 87: 478-81.
Rothenbacher D, Weyermann M, Beermann C, Brenner H. Breastfeeding, soluble CD 14 concentration in breast milk and risk of atopic dermatitis and asthma in early childhood: birth cohort study. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35: 1014-21.
Kalliomaki M, Ouwehand A, Arrilommi H et al. Transforming growth factor–beta in breast milk: a potential regulator of atopic disease at early age. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104: 1251-7.
de Boissieu D. Do breast-feeding and “diet” milks have any preventive or curative effect in the management of atopic dermatitis in children? Ann Dermatol Venereol 2005; 132 (1:1S): 104-11.
Bergmann RL, Diepgen TL, Kuss O et al. Breastfeeding duration is a risk factor for atopic eczema. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32: 205-9.
Hoppu U, Rinne M, Lampi AM, Isolauri E. Breast milk fatty acid composition is associated with development of atopic dermatitis in the infant. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 41: 335-8.
Williams HC, Burney PGJ, Pembroke AC, Hay RJ. The UK Working Party’s diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis, 3: independent hospital validation. Br J Dermatol 1994; 131: 406-16.
Ozol D, Koca C, Mete E, Yigitoqlu R. Influence of atopy on asthma severity in adult female patients. J Investing Allergol Clin Immunol 2008; 18: 36-40.
Gold MS, Kemp AS. Atopic disease in childhood. Med J Aust 2005; 182: 298-304.
Hagendorens MM, Birdts CH, Lauwers K et al. Perinatal risk factors for sensitization, atopic dermatitis and wheezing during the first year of life (PIPO study). Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35: 733-40.
Kull I, Bohme M, Wahlgren CF et al. Breast-feeding reduces the risk of childhood eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116: 657-61.
Purvis DJ, Thompson JMD, Clark PM et al. Risk factors for atopic dermatitis in New Zealand children at 3.5 years of age. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152: 742-9.
Nakamura Y, Oki I, Tanihara S et al. Relationship between breast milk and atopic dermatitis in children. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 1999; 46: 298-303.
Isolauri E, Tahvanainen A, Peltola T, Arvola T. Breast-feeding of allergic infants. J Pediatr 1999; 134: 27-32.
Fergusson DM, Hordwood KJ, Beautrais AL et al. Eczema and infant diet. Clin Allergy 1981; 11: 325-31.
Fergusson DM, Hordwood KJ, Shannon FT. Early solid feeding and recurrent childhood eczema: a 10-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics 1990; 86: 541-6.
Fergusson DM, Hordwood KJ, Shannon FT. Asthma and infant diet. Arch Dis Child 1983; 58: 48-51.
Kajosaari M, Saarinen UM. Prophylaxis of atopic disease by six months total solid elimination. Arch Paediatr Scand 1983; 72: 411-4.
Burrin DG, Stoll B. Key nutrients and growth factors for the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Clin Perinatol 2002; 29: 65-96.
Karmaus W, Arshad H, Mattes J. Does the sibling effect have its origin in uterus? Investigating birth order, cord blood immunoglobulin E concentration, and allergic sensitization at age 4 years. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154: 909-15.
Peters TJ, Golding J. The epidemiology of childhood eczema: II. Statistical analyses to identify independent early predictors. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1987; 1: 80-94.
Brooks K, Samms-Vaughan M, Karmaus W. Are oral contraceptive use and pregnancy complications risk factors for atopic disorders among offspring? Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004: 15: 489-96.
Seymour B.W, Pinkerton K.E et al. Second–hand smoke is an adjuvant for T helper–2 responses in a murine model of allergy. J Immunol 1997; 159: 6169-75.
Macaueas C, de Klerk NH, Holt BJ et al. Association between antenatal cytokine production and the development of atopy and asthma at age 6 years. Lancet 2003; 362: 1192-7.
Strom K, Abeck D. Atopisches ekzem. In: Traupe H, Hamm H, eds. Padia Trische Dermatologic. Berlin: Springer Verlag;, 1999. P. 417-33.
Tariq SM, Matthews SM, Hakim EA et al. The prevalence of the risk factor for atopy in early childhood: a whole population birth cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 101: 587-93.
Bohme M, Wickmann M, Lennart Nordvall S et al. Family history and risk of atopic dermatitis in children up to 4 years. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33: 1226-31.
Ruiz RG, Kemeny DM, Price JF. Higher risk of infantile atopic dermatitis from maternal atopy than from paternal atopy. Clin Exp Allergy 1992; 22: 719-23.
Harris JM, Cullinan P, Williams HC et al. Environmental associations with eczema in early life. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144: 795-802.
Perkin MR, Strachan DP, Williams HC et al. Natural history of atopic dermatitis and its relationship to serum total immunoglobulin E in a population–based birth cohort study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004; 15: 221-9.
Sears MR, Burrows B, Flannery EM et al. Relation between airway responsiveness and serum IgE in children with asthma and in apparently normal children. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1067-71.
